Научная электронная библиотека ULRICH'S Periodicals Directory

Сибирский государственный университет
науки и технологий имени академика М.Ф. Решетнева

Сибирский аэрокосмический журнал
ISSN 2712-8970 (Print) ISSN 2782-5760 (on-line)

Сведения об образовательной организации

UDK 661.693
THE GERMANIUM CONCENTRATION DETERMINATION IN LIGNITE OF LOWER ANGARA REGION
A. F. Shimanskiy [1]*, O. I. Podkopaev [2], S. A. Kopytkova [2], E. S. Balakchina [2], E. D. Kravtsova [3]
[1] Siberian State Aerospace University named after academician M. F. Reshetnev 31, Krasnoyarsky Rabochy Av., Krasnoyarsk, 660014, Russian Federation [2] JSC “Germanium” 1/107, Transportnuy Str., Krasnoyarsk, 660027, Russian Federation [3] Siberian Federal University 79, Svobodny Аv., Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russian Federation *Е-mail: shimanaf@mail.ru
Semiconductor Germanium production in Russia contributes to development of the aerospace electronics. Germanium used for solar cells, as it provides higher conversion efficiency than Silicon. In particular, it is determined that Ge can be used as a substrate material for AIIIBV based solar cells type GaInP/GaInAs/Ge, and one of the leading results of conversion efficiency is about 39 %. The source of its own raw materials is the strategic issue for Germanium production. Currently, the lignites occurring in Lower Angara in basin of Yenisei River middle course are considered as the promising Germanium raw materials. The measurement procedure of Germanium concentration in the lignite has been developed, which includes the following steps: ashing of the lignite, ash samples decomposition in a mixture of the concentrated nitric and hydrofluoric acid (1:2) and determination of the Germanium concentration in the solution by Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) using spectrometer iCAP 6300 Duo (Thermo Scientific). The proposed measurement procedure allows carrying out qualitative and quantitative elemental analysis of lignite and other minerals - coal, anthracite, carbonaceous mudstone and siltstone. Metrological characteristics of the measurement procedure have been identified. Indicators of precision when the Germanium concentration value of 150 to 300 g/t are: the standard deviation of repeatability  3.0 g/t; the standard deviation of precision 5.4 g/t. The relative error is less than 4 %. It was found that the average germanium content in the lignite is 0.02 wt. % or 200 g/t. Carbon (68 wt. %) and oxygen (27 wt. %) are dominated in the composition of lignite. Silicon (1.0), aluminum (0.5) and iron (0.4 wt. %) predominate among the metallic elements.
germanium, raw materials, lignite, elemental composition, atomic emission spectroscopy, measurement procedure
References
  1. Claeys C., Simoen E. Germanium-based technologies: from materials to devices. Berlin [etc.]: Elsevier, 2007, 449 p.
  2. Claeys C., Simoen E. Extended Defects in Germanium: Fundamental and Technological Aspects. Berlin [etc.]: Springer, 2009, 297 p.
  3. Seebauer E. G., Kratzer M. C. Charged Semiconductor Defects: Structure, Thermodynamics and Diffusion. Berlin [etc.]: Springer, 2008, 294 p.
  4. Depuydt B., Theuwis A., Romandic J. Germanium: From the first application of Czochralski crystal growth to large diameter dislocation-free wafers. Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing. 2006, vol. 9, iss. 4, p. 437–443.
  5. Frenzel M., Ketris M., Gutzmer J. On the geological availability of germanium. Mineralium Deposita. 2014, vol. 49, iss. 4, p. 471 - 486.
  6. Yakushevich А. S., Bratskaya S. Yu., Ivanov V. V., Polyakova N. V., Avramenko V. A. Germanium Speciation in Lignite from a Germanium - Bearing Deposit in Primorye. Geochemistry International, 2013, vol. 51, no 5, p. 405–412.
  7. Gamov M. I., Granovskaya N. V., Levchenko S. V. Metally v uglyakh. [Metals in coals]. Rostov-on-Don, Southern federal university Publ., 2012, 45 p. (In Russ).
  8. Ozerskiy Yu. A. Ekhanin A. G. [Prospects of studying and development of resources Germany in the Kasskaya Square lignites]. Izvestiya Tomskogo politekhnicheskogo universiteta. 2009, vol. 314, no 1, p. 41–43 (In Russ).
  9. Makarov V. A., Podkopaev O. I., Koz'min D. G., Naidko V. I., Shimanskiy A. F., Kopytkova S. A. [Lignite from Central Watershed of the Yenisei River and Prospects for their use for Manufacture of Germanium] Zhurnal Sibirskogo federal'nogo universiteta. Seriya: Tekhnika i tekhnologii. 2014, vol 7, no 7, p. 862–871 (In Russ).
  10. GOST 1017575. Ugli burye, kamennye, antratsity, uglistye argillity i alevrolity. Metod opredeleniya soderzhaniya germaniya. [State Standart R 10175-75. Brown coals, hard coals, anthracites, carbonaceous argillites and alevrolites. Method for the determination of germanium], Moscow, Standartinform Publ., 1975. 8 p. (In Russ).
  11. Chmilenko T. S., Ivanitsa L. A., Chmilenko F. A. [Spectrophotometric Determination of Germanium in Coke, Coals and Plant Material]. Zavodskaya laboratoriya: diagnostika materialov. 2014, vol. 80. no. 11, p. 11–14 (In Russ).
  12. Blayda I. A., Vasil'eva T. V., Slyusarenko L. I., Khitrich V. F [Behavior Germany and gallium when processing ashes from burning of coals by chemical and microbiological methods]. Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedeniy. Seriya: khimiya i khimicheskaya tekhnologiya. 2014, vol. 57, no 1, p. 78–83 (In Russ).
  13. GOST R ISO 5725–2002. Tochnost' (pravil'nost' i pretsizionnost') metodov i rezul'tatov izmereniy. [State Standart R ISO 5725–2002. Accuracy (correctness and pretsizionnost) methods and results of measurements] Moscow, Standartinform Publ., 2002, 64 p. (In Russ).
  14. Pashkov G. L., Saykova S. V., Kuz'min V. I., Panteleeva M. V., Kokorina A. N., Linok E. V. [Natural Coal Ash – Unconventional Source of Rare Elements]. Zhurnal Sibirskogo federal'nogo universiteta. Seriya: Tekhnika i tekhnologii. 2012, vol. 5, no 5, p. 520–530 (In Russ).
  15. Zharov Yu. N., Meytov E. S., Sharova I. G. et al. Tsennye i toksichnye elementy v tovarnykh uglyakh Rossii: spravochnik [Valuable and toxic elements in commodity coals of Russia: reference book], Moscow, Nedra Publ., 1996, 239 p.

Shimanskiy Alexander Fedorovich – Dr. Sc., professor of Quality management and certification department, Siberian State Aerospace University named after academician M. F. Reshetnev. E-mail: shimanaf@mail.ru

Podkopaev Oleg Ivanovich – Cand. Sc., CEO of JSC “Germanii”.

Kopytkova Svetlana Alekseevna – Head of Laboratory of production control, JSC “Germanii”. E-mail: gelkp@mail.ru

Balakchina Ekaterina Sergeevna – Master’s Degree student of engineering and technology, engineer of the laboratory JSC “Germanii”. E-mail: gelkp@mail.ru

Kravtsova Elena Dagrievna – Cand. Sc., Docent of Department of Composite materials and physical chemistry of metallurgical processes, Siberian Federal University. E-mail: dagrievna@mail.ru